Difference Between

Difference Between Film and Movie

Nex Virox Team
Written byNex Virox Team
Editorial Team
Varshal Nirbhavane
Senior SEO & Organic Growth Professional · 5+ years
20 min read
Quick answer

The main difference between film and movie is artistic intent versus commercial appeal. Film is an artistic expression prioritizing visual language, thematic depth, and director authorship, while movie is a commercial production designed primarily for mass entertainment and box-office success.

Key takeaways

  • Core distinction: Film emphasizes artistic expression and cinematic technique, while movie prioritizes mass entertainment and commercial appeal.
  • How each works: Film often uses slower pacing, ambiguous narratives, and experimental visuals, whereas movie relies on clear plots and familiar formulas.
  • Cost and effort: Film typically demands higher artistic risk and longer production timelines, while movie focuses on efficient shoots and marketable star power.
  • Best-fit use case: Choose film for festival screenings and critical acclaim, but choose movie for box office success and broad audience reach.
  • Common decision mistake: Assuming the terms are interchangeable ignores intent, yet both can exist within one production's dual purpose.

Difference Between Film and Movie: Comparison Table

AspectFilmMovie
DefinitionAn artistic work emphasizing visual language, theme, and directorial expression over commercial appeal.A commercial entertainment product designed primarily for mass audience enjoyment and box-office revenue.
Primary PurposeExplores human conditions, abstract ideas, or social commentary through deliberate cinematic technique.Delivers escapist entertainment, spectacle, or emotional catharsis to attract the widest possible audience.
Core MechanismUses mise-en-scène, long takes, and subtext to convey meaning through visual storytelling rather than exposition.Relies on plot momentum, dialogue-driven scenes, and high-stakes conflict to sustain viewer engagement.
Narrative StructureOften employs nonlinear timelines, ambiguous endings, or open conclusions that require active interpretation.Typically follows a three-act structure with clear setup, confrontation, and resolution for satisfying closure.
PacingFrequently slow and contemplative, allowing scenes to breathe and characters to develop through silence.Fast and efficient, cutting quickly between scenes to maintain continuous momentum and audience attention.
Character DepthCharacters are morally complex, often flawed, and evolve through internal conflict rather than external action.Characters are usually archetypal heroes, villains, or sidekicks with clear motivations and predictable arcs.
Dialogue FunctionDialogue carries subtext, irony, or philosophical weight, often saying less than what is meant.Dialogue advances the plot directly, delivers exposition, and provides punchy one-liners for entertainment value.
Visual StyleEmploys natural lighting, handheld cameras, or distinctive color grading to create a recognizable aesthetic signature.Uses high-contrast lighting, polished CGI, and dynamic camera moves to maximize visual spectacle.
Sound DesignUses ambient silence, diegetic sound, and sparse scoring to build atmosphere and psychological tension.Relies on orchestral scores, sound effects, and loud mixing to heighten emotional peaks and action sequences.
Editing TechniquePrefers long takes, jump cuts, or match cuts that draw attention to the filmmaker's stylistic choices.Uses rapid continuity editing and shot-reverse-shot patterns to keep the story invisible and immersive.
Budget RangeTypically operates on modest budgets, often under $10 million, funded by independent studios or grants.Usually commands budgets from $50 million to over $200 million for blockbuster productions.
Production TimelineShooting schedules often span months or years due to location shooting and improvisational methods.Principal photography is compressed into weeks or a few months with tightly managed production schedules.
Distribution ModelPremieres at film festivals like Cannes or Sundance, then reaches niche audiences via art-house theaters.Launches in thousands of multiplex screens simultaneously, backed by global marketing campaigns.
Marketing SpendRelies on word-of-mouth, critical reviews, and festival awards rather than paid advertising campaigns.Allocates 50% or more of production budget to trailers, TV spots, and digital promotions.
Box Office GoalSuccess is measured by critical acclaim, awards, and cultural impact rather than opening-weekend gross.Success is measured by opening-weekend numbers and total worldwide box-office revenue.
Audience SizeTargets a niche demographic of cinephiles, critics, and festival-goers seeking intellectual engagement.Targets a broad demographic across ages and regions, aiming for universal appeal and repeat viewings.
Viewing ContextBest experienced in a dark theater with undivided attention to absorb subtle visual and thematic details.Suited for casual viewing at home, on streaming platforms, or in social settings with minimal focus.
Cultural StatusConsidered high art, studied in film schools, and preserved in national archives for historical significance.Viewed as popular culture, consumed for entertainment, and often forgotten shortly after release.
Critical ReceptionReviews focus on directorial vision, thematic depth, and technical craft in specialized film journals.Reviews emphasize entertainment value, star performance, and box-office potential in mainstream press.
Director AutonomyDirector retains final cut and creative control, often writing or co-writing the screenplay as auteur.Studio executives and producers influence final cut, with director hired to execute a studio-approved vision.
Source MaterialOften adapted from literary novels, plays, or original screenplays with intellectual or historical weight.Frequently based on comic books, video games, toys, or existing franchises with pre-sold audiences.
Typical RuntimeRanges from 90 to 180 minutes, with pacing that justifies extended length for character development.Usually runs 90 to 120 minutes, optimized for more daily showtimes and higher theater turnover.
Ending StyleMay end ambiguously or tragically without resolution, leaving the audience to interpret the outcome.Ends with clear resolution, often a happy ending or post-credits scene setting up a sequel.
Replay ValueRewatching reveals new layers of symbolism, foreshadowing, and visual details missed on first viewing.Rewatching is primarily for nostalgia or enjoyment of familiar action sequences and jokes.
Technical InnovationExperiments with unconventional formats, practical effects, and in-camera tricks to push artistic boundaries.Drives mainstream technological advances in CGI, 3D, IMAX, and high-frame-rate capture for spectacle.
Franchise PotentialStandalone works that rarely spawn sequels, prequels, or spin-offs due to their self-contained nature.Designed as franchise starters with interconnected universes, sequels, and merchandise tie-ins.
Streaming AvailabilityFound on specialty platforms like Criterion Channel or MUBI, with limited rotation on major services.Released on Netflix, Disney+, or HBO Max within months of theatrical run for maximum reach.
Typical ExamplesWorks like "2001: A Space Odyssey," "The Tree of Life," and "Persona" exemplify artistic cinema.Titles like "Avengers: Endgame," "Fast & Furious," and "Jurassic World" define commercial moviemaking.
Primary LimitationNiche appeal limits financial returns, often requiring subsidies, grants, or patron funding to break even.Formulaic structure and studio interference can suppress originality, producing predictable, risk-averse content.
Best-Fit ScenarioChoose film when seeking artistic expression, intellectual challenge, or a director's personal vision.Choose movie when wanting a fun, shared entertainment experience with reliable narrative payoff.

What Is Film?

Film is a visual storytelling medium that records sequential images on light-sensitive celluloid or digital sensors. It captures motion, emotion, and narrative through projected frames. Film exists to preserve performances, convey artistic visions, and create shared cultural experiences across generations and global audiences.

Definition of Film

Film is a sequence of photographic or digitally generated frames displayed at a consistent speed—typically 24 frames per second—to create the illusion of continuous movement. This technical definition distinguishes film from video by emphasizing the photochemical capture process and theatrical projection standards used in traditional cinema production.

Key Characteristics of Film

CharacteristicWhat It Means in Practice
Frame rateStandard theatrical film runs at 24 frames per second, producing the classic motion blur and cinematic feel.
Photochemical captureTraditional film uses silver halide crystals on celluloid to record light, creating unique grain and color rendition.
Aspect ratioCommon ratios like 1.85:1 or 2.39:1 shape composition, framing characters and landscapes for theatrical screens.
Grain structureVisible film grain adds organic texture, with finer grain in slower stocks and coarser grain in high-speed film.
Dynamic rangeFilm captures roughly 14 stops of exposure latitude, preserving detail in both deep shadows and bright highlights.
Color gradingPhotochemical timing or digital grading adjusts color temperature, contrast, and saturation to establish mood and tone.
Projection formatFilm is projected through a shutter mechanism, creating a flicker fusion effect that viewers perceive as smooth motion.
Editing rhythmPhysical splicing of film strips or digital cuts controls pacing, allowing precise control over scene transitions and duration.
Sound synchronizationOptical or magnetic soundtracks align audio with visual frames, enabling dialogue, music, and effects to match action.
Archival longevityProperly stored celluloid can last over 100 years, making film a durable medium for historical preservation.

Common Examples of Film

  • Citizen Kane – Orson Welles' 1941 masterpiece that revolutionized deep focus cinematography and nonlinear narrative structure.
  • 2001: A Space Odyssey – Stanley Kubrick's 1968 epic showcasing large-format 70mm photography and groundbreaking visual effects.
  • The Godfather – Francis Ford Coppola's 1972 crime saga using warm, underexposed color grading to evoke period authenticity.
  • Schindler's List – Steven Spielberg's 1993 Holocaust drama shot in black-and-white with selective color to emphasize emotional impact.
  • Lawrence of Arabia – David Lean's 1962 widescreen spectacle famous for its 70mm desert photography and minimal dialogue sequences.
  • Pulp Fiction – Quentin Tarantino's 1994 work employing nonlinear storytelling and sharp dialogue within interconnected vignettes.
  • Blade Runner – Ridley Scott's 1982 neo-noir using dense atmospheric lighting and practical miniatures to create dystopian realism.
  • The Wizard of Oz – Victor Fleming's 1939 classic transitioning from sepia-toned Kansas to vivid Technicolor for the fantasy sequences.
  • Inception – Christopher Nolan's 2010 mind-bending thriller combining IMAX footage with practical effects and layered dream narratives.
  • Parasite – Bong Joon-ho's 2019 Palme d'Or winner blending genre shifts, social commentary, and meticulous spatial staging.

Advantages and Limitations of Film

AdvantagesLimitations
Film delivers unmatched organic grain and color depth that digital sensors struggle to replicate authentically.Film stock and processing chemicals are expensive, with a single 35mm reel costing hundreds of dollars before development.
Celluloid archives preserve images for a century or more when stored in climate-controlled vaults.Cameras and projection equipment require specialized maintenance, limiting accessibility for independent creators.
High dynamic range captures highlight and shadow detail simultaneously, reducing the need for artificial lighting setups.Shooting film offers no immediate playback, forcing directors to wait hours or days before seeing recorded footage.
The 24 fps standard creates a distinct motion cadence that audiences associate with cinematic quality.Limited ISO ratings restrict low-light performance, requiring intense lighting rigs for indoor or night scenes.
Physical film negatives provide tangible assets that remain readable without proprietary digital software or hardware.Each film reel holds only about 11 minutes of footage, demanding frequent camera reloads during long shoots.
Photochemical processes produce natural color rendition with subtle tonal transitions that feel organic to viewers.Editing requires telecine transfer to digital or manual splicing, adding time and cost to post-production workflows.
Film projection creates a warm, immersive theater experience that many audiences prefer over digital presentations.Transporting heavy film reels between theaters adds logistical complexity compared to lightweight digital files.
Classic film stocks from Kodak and Fujifilm offer distinct aesthetic signatures that enhance period-piece productions.Manufacturing of celluloid has declined sharply since 2010, threatening future availability of new film stock.
Film grain masks minor digital artifacts and compression errors, providing a forgiving medium for large-screen displays.Exposure errors cannot be corrected easily, with underexposed footage often becoming unusable rather than recoverable.
The physical nature of film encourages deliberate shooting, reducing wasted takes and promoting thoughtful cinematography.Archival storage requires strict humidity and temperature control, with improper conditions causing color fading and shrinkage.

What Is Movie?

Movie is a commercial motion picture made for mass entertainment in theaters or on streaming services. It prioritizes accessible storytelling, clear plots, and broad audience appeal. A movie exists to deliver enjoyment and emotional engagement efficiently, typically within a two-hour runtime, using familiar genre conventions and mainstream production techniques.

Definition of Movie

A movie is a recorded sequence of moving images accompanied by sound, produced primarily for commercial distribution and public entertainment. It follows a structured narrative arc with defined protagonists, conflicts, and resolutions. Movies are engineered for repeat viewings and wide demographic reach, favoring spectacle, star power, and immediate emotional payoff over experimental aesthetics or ambiguous meaning.

Key Characteristics of Movie

CharacteristicWhat It Means in Practice
Commercial intentDesigned to generate box office revenue and recoup production costs through wide release.
Accessible plotLinear storytelling with clear cause-and-effect that requires no prior art knowledge.
Broad audienceRated and marketed to appeal across age groups, cultures, and viewing preferences.
Studio productionBacked by major studios or streamers with professional crews and distribution networks.
Standard runtimeTypically runs 90 to 120 minutes to fit standard theater scheduling blocks.
Genre conventionsFollows established formulas for action, comedy, horror, or romance to meet expectations.
Star-driven castingRelies on recognizable actors to draw opening-weekend audiences and presales.
High spectacleUses visual effects, stunts, and set pieces to deliver immediate sensory gratification.
Clear resolutionEnds with definitive closure where conflicts are resolved and questions answered.
Repeatable formatStructured for sequels, franchises, and merchandising to maximize long-term profit.

Common Examples of Movie

  • Titanic – a historical romance epic that pairs a disaster spectacle with a universal love story.
  • The Dark Knight – a superhero blockbuster blending crime drama with high-stakes action set pieces.
  • Jurassic Park – a creature feature using groundbreaking effects to deliver family-friendly thrills.
  • Avengers: Endgame – a crossover event uniting multiple franchises for a single commercial climax.
  • The Lion King – an animated musical crafted for children with adult-appealing themes and songs.
  • Fast & Furious 7 – an action franchise entry prioritizing car stunts and ensemble star power.
  • Home Alone – a holiday comedy built on slapstick gags and a universally relatable premise.
  • Jaws – a summer thriller that established the wide-release blockbuster marketing model.
  • Mean Girls – a teen comedy with quotable dialogue and a clear high-school social hierarchy.
  • The Godfather – a crime saga that balances commercial appeal with critically acclaimed performances.

Advantages and Limitations of Movie

AdvantagesLimitations
Provides immediate entertainment with minimal intellectual effort required from the viewer.Often relies on formulaic plots that become predictable and forgettable after one viewing.
Reaches massive global audiences through simultaneous multi-country theatrical releases.Prioritizes spectacle over substance, leaving little room for nuanced character development.
Offers reliable escapism with clear heroes, villains, and satisfying moral outcomes.Sacrifices artistic risk for market-tested formulas that rarely challenge the audience.
Benefits from high production values, professional acting, and polished technical execution.Studio interference often dilutes a director's original vision to satisfy test audiences.
Creates shared cultural moments that people discuss, quote, and reference socially.Two-hour runtime forces rushed pacing that compresses complex stories into clichés.
Generates substantial employment across crews, cast, marketing, and distribution sectors.Franchise dependence crowds out original screenplays and mid-budget creative films.
Delivers reliable emotional catharsis through structured tension and release sequences.Heavy reliance on star power inflates budgets without guaranteeing storytelling quality.
Adapts easily to home viewing through streaming, physical media, and television broadcast.Marketing spend often exceeds production cost, inflating ticket prices for consumers.
Provides accessible entry points for casual viewers unfamiliar with cinematic history.Sequels and remakes recycle prior successes instead of developing new intellectual property.
Offers consistent quality control through multiple editing passes and test screenings.Test-screening feedback leads to homogenized endings that avoid ambiguity or discomfort.

Similarities Between Film and Movie

Shared AspectHow Film and Movie Are Alike
Core PurposeBoth film and movie aim to tell a story or convey an idea through moving images and sound.
Visual MediumBoth film and movie rely on the same fundamental visual language of shots, angles, and lighting to communicate.
Audio ComponentBoth film and movie use dialogue, music, and sound effects to enhance the narrative and emotional impact.
Narrative StructureBoth film and movie typically follow a three-act structure with a beginning, middle, and end.
Primary InputBoth film and movie require a script or screenplay as the foundational blueprint for the entire production.
Key TalentBoth film and movie depend on directors, actors, and cinematographers to bring the written story to life.
Production CrewBoth film and movie employ the same behind-the-scenes crew roles, including editors, gaffers, and sound mixers.
Physical OutputBoth film and movie produce a final video file that can be screened on a projector, television, or computer monitor.
Distribution ChannelsBoth film and movie reach audiences through the same channels, including theaters, streaming services, and physical media.
Target AudienceBoth film and movie are created for a general public audience that seeks entertainment or artistic expression.
Production WorkflowBoth film and movie follow the same three-phase workflow of pre-production, principal photography, and post-production.
Budgeting ProcessBoth film and movie require a detailed budget covering cast, crew, equipment, locations, and post-production costs.
Funding SourcesBoth film and movie are financed through the same sources, such as studios, independent investors, or crowdfunding.
Technical StandardsBoth film and movie adhere to industry-standard frame rates, aspect ratios, and resolution specifications for playback.
Legal ClearanceBoth film and movie require rights clearances for music, scripts, and location releases to avoid legal liability.
Rating SystemBoth film and movie are subject to the same content rating systems that classify suitability for different age groups.
Copyright ProtectionBoth film and movie are automatically protected by copyright law, granting exclusive rights to the creators and distributors.
Production RisksBoth film and movie face common risks like weather delays, equipment failure, and cast illness during shooting.
Financial RiskBoth film and movie carry a high financial risk because production costs are spent before any revenue is generated.
Creative ConstraintsBoth film and movie are constrained by time limits, budget caps, and the physical limitations of the real world.
Marketing EffortBoth film and movie require a marketing campaign using trailers, posters, and press events to attract an audience.
Success MetricBoth film and movie are measured by the same metrics, including box office gross, streaming views, and ticket sales.
Critical ReviewBoth film and movie are evaluated by professional critics and audience reviews on platforms like Rotten Tomatoes.
Festival CircuitBoth film and movie are eligible for submission to the same film festivals, such as Cannes or Sundance, for recognition.
Award EligibilityBoth film and movie compete for the same major awards, including Oscars, BAFTAs, and Golden Globes.
Digital StorageBoth film and movie are stored as digital files on servers or hard drives for archival and future distribution.
Preservation NeedBoth film and movie require ongoing preservation efforts to prevent data degradation and format obsolescence.
Cultural ImpactBoth film and movie influence popular culture by shaping fashion, language, and social conversations among viewers.
Long-Term ValueBoth film and movie can generate long-term revenue through licensing, merchandising, and repeat streaming royalties.
Audience EngagementBoth film and movie create a shared viewing experience that sparks discussion and emotional connection for the audience.

Film or Movie: Which Should You Choose?

Choose Film when your goal is artistic expression or festival prestige; choose Movie when your goal is mass entertainment and box office revenue. The one deciding variable is your primary audience: critics and awards juries versus general paying audiences.

When to Use Film

Choose Film when you prioritize director vision, experimental storytelling, or historical preservation. Use it for art-house projects, festival submissions, and works with modest budgets under $5 million. Also choose Film when discussing the medium itself, academic study, or classic cinema.

When to Use Movie

Choose Movie when you target mainstream audiences, commercial distribution, or high production budgets above $50 million. Use it for franchise blockbusters, family entertainment, and casual conversations about what to watch tonight. Also choose Movie for streaming releases and box office discussions.

Common Misconceptions About Film and Movie

Common MythThe Reality
Film always means something artistic and highbrow.Film describes the physical medium or production format; a film can be a low-budget comedy, not just art cinema.
Movie always means a low-quality or commercial product.Movie is a neutral term for a motion picture; a movie can be a critically acclaimed drama with deep artistic merit.
Film is shot on celluloid; movie is shot digitally.Both film and movie refer to the finished product; the shooting medium does not define which word you use.
Hollywood insiders always say film, never movie.Industry professionals use both terms interchangeably in daily work; movie appears in trade publications and award categories.
Movie is an American word; film is British.Both terms are used in American and British English; movie dominates US casual speech, film appears more in UK criticism.
A film has subtitles; a movie is in English.Subtitles indicate language, not format; an English-language production is still called a film by critics and a movie by audiences.
Film runs longer than a movie.Running time does not determine the label; a 90-minute documentary is a film, and a 180-minute blockbuster is a movie.
Movies are made for entertainment; films are made for education.Both film and movie can educate or entertain; a film can be pure escapism, and a movie can teach history or science.
Film requires a director with a vision; movie is studio-driven.Both formats involve director vision and studio input; a movie can be a personal auteur project, and a film can be franchise-driven.
Movie is a newer term that replaced film.Movie has existed since the early 1900s; film remains equally current and is not a dated or obsolete word.
Film festivals only screen films, never movies.Festivals screen both films and movies; Cannes and Sundance include genre entries, comedies, and commercial works in their lineups.
You say film for a theatrical release and movie for streaming.Distribution platform does not dictate the word; a Netflix original is called a film by critics and a movie by viewers.
Film has better acting than a movie.Performance quality varies by production, not by label; many movies feature Oscar-winning acting, and many films have weak performances.
Movie implies a sequel or franchise; film is standalone.Franchise status does not affect terminology; standalone dramas are called movies, and sequels like The Godfather Part II are called films.
Film is the noun; movie is the verb form.Movie is never a verb; to film is the action, but the finished product can be called either a film or a movie.
Movies are shot in 24fps; films are shot in 48fps.Frame rate is a technical choice unrelated to the label; both films and movies commonly use 24fps as the standard.
Film has a plot; movie just has scenes.Both formats have plots; a movie without a narrative arc fails critically, just as a film with weak structure draws complaints.
Movie is informal slang, not proper English.Movie is standard English found in dictionaries and professional writing; it is not slang and appears in formal reviews.
Film refers to the script; movie refers to the final cut.Neither term refers to a specific production stage; both film and movie describe the completed motion picture.
Black-and-white productions are films; color ones are movies.Color grading does not determine the label; modern color films and classic black-and-white movies both exist in abundance.
Film is used for documentaries; movie is for fiction.Documentaries are called movies too; a nature documentary is a movie, and a fictional drama is a film in common usage.
Movie means low budget; film means high budget.Budget size does not dictate terminology; a $200 million production is called a movie, and an indie is called a film.
Film requires a cinema release; movie goes straight to video.Release strategy does not change the word; straight-to-streaming titles are called films, and theatrical blockbusters are called movies.
Movie is singular; film is a collective term.Both words are countable nouns; you watch one movie or one film, and you can watch many movies or many films.
Film has a message; movie is just for fun.Both can carry messages; a movie like Get Out delivers social commentary, and a film like The Hangover is pure entertainment.
You say movie at home and film in a theater.Location does not change the label; people say film at home and movie in a theater without any rule or error.
Film is the European term; movie is the global term.Global English uses both; Bollywood, Nollywood, and East Asian industries use movie and film interchangeably in English press.
Movie has a soundtrack; film has a score.Both film and movie feature scores and soundtracks; the music terminology does not depend on which noun you choose.
Film is a fine art; movie is a commercial product.Both are commercial and artistic; a film can be a product for profit, and a movie can be preserved in a museum archive.
The word movie is dying out in professional use.Movie usage is stable and growing; the Academy Awards uses movie in its official categories, and trade press uses it daily.

Conclusion

Difference Between Film and Movie lies in intent and scale. Film prioritizes artistic expression, often using experimental techniques. Movie prioritizes entertainment and commercial appeal. Choose film for thought-provoking depth. Choose movie for accessible enjoyment. Both offer valid experiences, but your purpose determines the right label.

FAQs on Difference Between Film and Movie

What is the difference between film and movie?
Film refers to the artistic medium and cinematic craft, while movie typically describes commercial entertainment produced for mass audiences in theaters.
Is a film considered more artistic than a movie?
Yes, film usually implies artistic intent, director authorship, and cultural significance, whereas movie suggests mainstream entertainment focused primarily on box office appeal.
Which is better for a casual viewer, film or movie?
Movie is better for casual viewers seeking light entertainment, while film suits those wanting deeper themes, slower pacing, and thought-provoking storytelling experiences.
Does making a film cost more than making a movie?
No, production budgets vary by project scope, not label, so independent films often cost far less than big-budget studio movies with expensive effects.
Is there a risk of confusing audiences when using film and movie interchangeably?
Yes, using the terms interchangeably risks confusion because film implies artistic merit while movie signals commercial intent, so context determines accurate meaning.
Are film and movie compatible terms in academic writing?
Yes, both terms are compatible in academic writing, but film is preferred for scholarly analysis while movie appears in casual or industry contexts.
What is the beginner mistake when distinguishing film from movie?
The beginner mistake is assuming the terms are purely synonyms, ignoring that film emphasizes artistry and movie emphasizes entertainment value.
Can film and movie be used interchangeably in everyday conversation?
Yes, film and movie can be used interchangeably in everyday conversation, though film leans formal and movie leans casual in most speaking contexts.
When would a director call their work a film instead of a movie?
A director calls their work a film when prioritizing personal vision, artistic expression, or festival distribution over commercial success.
Can I switch from calling something a movie to calling it a film?
Yes, you can switch from movie to film when discussing artistic merit, critical analysis, or cinematic history rather than casual viewing preferences.