What is the difference between abridged and unabridged?

The difference is length and completeness: an abridged version is shortened and condensed, while an unabridged version is the full, original text with nothing removed.

Which is better, abridged or unabridged?

Unabridged is better for full comprehension and detail, while abridged is better for saving time or when you only need the main plot points.

Is an abridged book cheaper than an unabridged book?

Yes, an abridged book is typically cheaper because it has fewer pages, lower production costs, and a shorter audio runtime than its unabridged counterpart.

What is the risk of reading an abridged version?

The main risk is missing important subplots, character development, and author's original language, which can lead to a shallow or inaccurate understanding of the story.

Are abridged and unabridged audiobooks compatible with each other?

No, abridged and unabridged audiobooks are not compatible in content because one is a condensed version and the other is the full recording, so they tell different-length stories.

What is a common beginner mistake when choosing abridged or unabridged?

A common beginner mistake is buying an abridged version thinking it is the complete book, only to discover later that entire chapters and scenes were cut out.

Can abridged and unabridged be used interchangeably?

No, abridged and unabridged cannot be used interchangeably because they represent two distinct formats with different lengths, detail levels, and purposes.

When should I choose an unabridged version in real life?

Choose an unabridged version for academic study, classic literature, or any book where you need the author's full intent and every detail for deep understanding.

Can I switch from an abridged to an unabridged version mid-series?

Yes, you can switch from an abridged to an unabridged version mid-series, but you may need to re-read earlier parts to catch details that were previously omitted.

Does abridged mean the same thing as summarized?

Abridged is similar to summarized but not identical, because a summary is a brief overview while an abridged version is a shortened but still complete narrative that retains the story's structure.

Difference Between

Difference Between Abridged and Unabridged

Written byNex Virox Team

Editorial Team

Reviewed byVarshal Nirbhavane

Senior SEO & Organic Growth Professional · 5+ years

Published: September 10, 202619 min read

Quick answer

The main difference between Abridged and Unabridged is that an abridged version is shortened, while an unabridged version is complete. Abridged is a condensed edition that removes scenes, chapters, or details to save time, while Unabridged is the full, original text with no content cut.

Key takeaways

Core distinction: Abridged versions condense original content, while unabridged versions preserve the full text exactly as the author wrote it.
How each works: Abridged editions cut scenes, subplots, and descriptions to shorten length, whereas unabridged editions retain every chapter, sentence, and word.
Cost and effort: Abridged books cost less and take less time to read, but unabridged books demand more money, time, and reading commitment from you.
Best-fit use case: Choose abridged for quick comprehension or casual listening; choose unabridged for academic study, deep analysis, or complete author intent.
Most common mistake: Buyers often assume abridged versions are merely shortened, not realizing entire plotlines and character development get permanently removed from the story.

Table of Contents18 sections

Difference Between Abridged and Unabridged: Comparison Table

Aspect	Abridged	Unabridged
Definition	A shortened version that condenses or removes parts of the original work.	A complete, full-length version that preserves the entire original text or recording.
Purpose	Designed to save time and deliver the core plot or key facts quickly.	Designed to preserve the author's full intent, detail, and artistic expression.
Core Mechanism	Editors cut subplots, descriptions, and dialogue to reduce total length.	Publishers reproduce the original manuscript or master recording without cuts.
Text Length	Typically 25% to 50% shorter than the original published work.	Retains 100% of the original word count or runtime as released.
Listening Time	An audiobook may run 4 to 6 hours for a novel that spans 10 hours.	The same novel in full form may take 10 to 20 hours to listen to.
Chapter Structure	Chapters are often merged, renumbered, or removed entirely during editing.	Original chapter divisions and numbering remain exactly as the author wrote them.
Plot Detail	Secondary storylines are removed to keep the main narrative moving forward.	Every subplot, scene, and transition appears in its original sequence.
Character Depth	Minor characters receive less screen time and fewer lines of dialogue.	All characters retain their full arcs, motivations, and interactions.
Descriptive Passages	Long descriptive sections are condensed to a few summary sentences.	Full sensory descriptions of settings, weather, and objects are preserved.
Dialogue	Conversations are trimmed to essential exchanges that advance the plot.	Complete dialogue, including small talk and repetition, is kept intact.
Reading Speed	Faster to finish, often in a single sitting or short commute.	Requires multiple sessions or weeks to complete at a normal pace.
Time Investment	Requires roughly half the reading or listening hours of the full version.	Demands the full time commitment the author originally intended.
Cost	Typically priced lower, often 30% to 50% less than the unabridged edition.	Usually priced higher due to longer production and printing costs.
Page Count	A 400-page novel may be reduced to roughly 200 to 250 pages.	The same novel retains its full 400-page count in print.
Accuracy	Facts and quotes may be paraphrased, losing exact wording and context.	Preserves exact wording, quotes, and factual statements from the original.
Durability of Value	Useful for quick reference but often considered disposable after reading.	Retains long-term reference and collectible value for serious readers.
Scalability	Easier to produce in mass-market formats for busy or casual audiences.	Requires more production resources, limiting print runs and formats.
Maintenance	Needs periodic re-editing to keep pace with new editions of the source.	Requires minimal editorial maintenance once the original is digitized.
Safety of Intent	Risk of distorting the author's message through aggressive cutting.	Guarantees the author's original meaning and tone remain untouched.
Compatibility	Fits tight schedules, commutes, and classroom time constraints.	Suits deep study, literary analysis, and leisure reading without deadlines.
Availability	Common in airports, supermarkets, and digital bargain bundles.	Widely available in libraries, bookstores, and premium audiobook catalogs.
Format Options	Found in paperback, digital, and abridged audiobook editions.	Offered in hardcover, paperback, ebook, and full-cast audiobook formats.
Classic Example	Reader's Digest condensed books and school study guides.	Complete editions of Moby-Dick or War and Peace from major publishers.
Typical Users	Commute listeners, students cramming, and casual leisure readers.	Literature students, scholars, and devoted fans of a specific author.
Educational Use	Used for quick overviews, test prep, and introductory survey courses.	Required for close reading, citation, and detailed literary analysis.
Citation Value	Page numbers rarely match the original, making quotes hard to verify.	Page numbers and chapter markers align with the standard published edition.
Emotional Impact	Pacing feels rushed, reducing suspense and emotional buildup.	Pacing follows the author's rhythm, allowing full emotional resonance.
Translation Effect	Translations may be further shortened, compounding meaning loss.	Full translations preserve the complete text across language barriers.
Limitation	Loses nuance, context, and author voice in exchange for brevity.	Requires significant time and patience that some readers lack.
Best-Fit Scenario	Choose when you need a fast overview or have limited time.	Choose when you want the complete experience or must cite the source.

What Is Abridged?

Abridged is a shortened version of a written work that condenses the original text while preserving its core storyline or main arguments. It reduces length by cutting descriptions, subplots, and repetitive passages, making the material quicker to read and easier to digest for busy audiences.

Definition of Abridged

Abridged refers to a text that has been reduced in length from its original form through deliberate editorial cuts. Editors remove secondary content while retaining the central narrative or thesis, producing a condensed edition that remains faithful to the primary structure and intent of the source material.

Key Characteristics of Abridged

Characteristic	What It Means in Practice
Reduced length	Text is typically 25-50% shorter than the original, cutting hours of reading time for the user.
Preserved plot	Main story arcs and central arguments stay intact so readers follow the essential narrative without confusion.
Cut descriptions	Long scenic passages, detailed character introspection, and lengthy dialogue are removed or condensed heavily.
Streamlined subplots	Secondary storylines are trimmed to brief mentions or deleted entirely to keep focus on the primary action.
Simplified language	Complex sentences and archaic vocabulary are often modernised or replaced with clearer, simpler phrasing.
Faster completion	Readers finish the work in fewer sittings, making it practical for study deadlines or casual leisure time.
Lower cost	Fewer pages typically mean a cheaper purchase price or a lighter physical book to carry around.
Editorial judgment	A human editor decides what to cut, meaning the final version reflects one person's view of what matters.
Original authorship	The credited author remains the same, but the condensed text is technically a derivative editorial product.
Context loss	Removed passages can carry subtle themes or historical context that are lost when the text is shortened.

Common Examples of Abridged

Reader's Digest Condensed Books – a long-running series that packaged shortened bestsellers into single volumes for mass-market readers.
Great Expectations by Charles Dickens – school editions often cut the original serialised length to fit classroom term schedules.
Moby-Dick by Herman Melville – many paperback editions remove the lengthy whale-cetology chapters that stall the narrative pace.
Les Misérables by Victor Hugo – modern abridgements drop the extensive historical digressions on convents and the Battle of Waterloo.
The Count of Monte Cristo – the original French serial is routinely condensed to roughly half its length for English readers.
War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy – abridged versions cut philosophical essays and secondary character scenes to focus on the main families.
Audible abridged audiobooks – many classic titles are sold in shortened audio formats that skip chapters to fit a fixed runtime.
CliffsNotes study guides – these provide heavily condensed chapter summaries rather than the full original prose text.
The Bible (reader's editions) – some devotional Bibles omit genealogies and repetitive legal codes to produce a continuous narrative.
Sherlock Holmes short collections – certain anthologies trim Watson's framing narratives to pack more cases into one volume.

Advantages and Limitations of Abridged

Advantages	Limitations
Saves significant reading time, letting busy people absorb the core story in just a few evenings.	Removes the author's original pacing, so scenes that built tension slowly now feel rushed and abrupt.
Makes dense classics accessible to younger readers or non-native speakers who would struggle with the full text.	Loses character depth because internal monologues and subtle motivations are among the first passages cut.
Reduces physical weight and page count, making the book easier to carry in a bag or hold for long periods.	Distorts thematic meaning when minor plot points that foreshadow later events are silently deleted.
Lowers the purchase price, which helps budget-conscious students buy multiple titles for a course.	Introduces an editor's subjective bias about which content is "unimportant" and therefore expendable.
Helps readers decide if they want to invest in the full version later by offering a quick preview of the story.	Breaks the author's original sentence rhythm and stylistic voice when paragraphs are stitched back together.
Allows audiobook producers to fit a long novel into a fixed number of discs or a standard download size.	Omits historical and cultural context that modern readers need to fully understand the setting and references.
Keeps the main narrative thread clear for readers who get lost in sprawling multi-generational sagas.	Creates factual gaps where a removed passage once explained a character's motive or a plot device's origin.
Enables teachers to assign a classic work in a single term without sacrificing other required readings.	Fails to represent the author's complete artistic intent, which can mislead readers about the work's true scope.
Provides a manageable entry point for casual readers who want the gist of a famous book without commitment.	Cannot be cited accurately in academic work because page numbers and wording no longer match the original edition.
Reduces the intimidation factor of a 1,000-page novel, encouraging people to attempt works they would otherwise avoid.	Produces an inconsistent experience where some chapters feel nearly intact while others are reduced to bare summaries.

What Is Unabridged?

Unabridged is a complete, uncut version of a written work that preserves every word of the original text. It exists to give readers the full authorial content, including all chapters, passages, and details that edited versions remove. Unabridged editions deliver the entire intended experience without omissions.

Definition of Unabridged

Unabridged describes a text that has not been shortened, condensed, or altered from its original published form. The term applies to books, audio recordings, and dictionaries where the full content remains intact. An unabridged edition contains every sentence, paragraph, and section exactly as the author or publisher originally released it.

Key Characteristics of Unabridged

Characteristic	What It Means in Practice
Full text retention	Every word, sentence, and paragraph from the original source appears in the edition without cuts.
Complete chapter structure	All chapters, prefaces, introductions, and appendices remain present in their original order.
No editorial condensation	Content is never summarized, paraphrased, or compressed to reduce page count or length.
Original author intent	Readers experience the narrative or argument exactly as the author designed it.
Extended reading time	Consuming an unabridged work takes considerably longer than reading a shortened version.
Higher word count	Unabridged editions contain substantially more words than abridged counterparts of the same title.
Complete dialogue and scenes	Conversations, descriptions, and action sequences remain fully intact without trimming.
Uncut audio narration	In audiobooks, the narrator reads every word without skipping sections or abbreviating passages.
Comprehensive dictionary entries	Unabridged dictionaries list all definitions, usage examples, and etymologies for each word.
Scholarly accuracy	Researchers and students rely on unabridged texts for precise quotes and complete references.

Common Examples of Unabridged

War and Peace – Tolstoy's complete novel runs over 1,200 pages, retaining every philosophical digression and battle scene.
Les Misérables – Victor Hugo's full text includes lengthy historical essays and detailed backstories that abridged versions cut.
Moby-Dick – Herman Melville's original contains all whaling chapters, cetology facts, and narrative asides without trimming.
The Count of Monte Cristo – Alexandre Dumas's complete revenge saga spans all 117 chapters with every subplot intact.
Complete Oxford English Dictionary – This unabridged reference lists over 600,000 words with full historical usage citations.
Infinite Jest – David Foster Wallace's novel includes all endnotes and footnotes, which abridged editions frequently omit.
Anna Karenina – The full translation preserves every social commentary, family drama, and Levin farming passage.
The Stand – Stephen King's uncut edition restores over 400 pages that the original 1978 version removed.
Don Quixote – Miguel de Cervantes's complete two-part narrative retains all embedded stories and secondary tales.
Atlas Shrugged – Ayn Rand's unabridged novel contains all 50 chapters and the full John Galt speech without cuts.

Advantages and Limitations of Unabridged

Advantages	Limitations
Provides complete fidelity to the author's original vision and creative choices.	Requires substantial time commitment, often doubling or tripling reading hours versus edited versions.
Ensures accurate quotations for academic citation and literary analysis.	Contains slow-paced sections that some readers find tedious or overly detailed.
Preserves cultural and historical context that abridgments frequently delete.	Heavier physical books make portability and one-handed reading more difficult.
Delivers full character development across every scene and subplot.	Higher retail price reflects the larger page count and production costs.
Offers complete dictionary definitions with all senses and usage examples.	Intimidating length discourages casual readers from starting the work.
Maintains narrative pacing exactly as the author structured it.	Dense descriptive passages can overwhelm readers seeking fast-paced plots.
Provides audiobook listeners with every word of the original narration.	Audiobook versions require many listening hours, often exceeding 30 hours per title.
Supports deep literary study and close reading of textual details.	Includes archaic terms or outdated references that modern readers may not understand.
Retains author prefaces, introductions, and explanatory notes.	Complete editions may contain content that editors removed for sensitivity reasons.
Gives collectors a definitive edition for library or personal archives.	Small print in single-volume editions can strain eyes during extended reading sessions.

Similarities Between Abridged and Unabridged

Shared Aspect	How Abridged and Unabridged Are Alike
Core Purpose	Both abridged and unabridged editions exist to deliver the same underlying story or information to a reader.
Source Material	Both abridged and unabridged versions originate from the same original manuscript or authorial text.
Author Identity	Both abridged and unabridged formats preserve the original author's name and primary narrative voice.
Genre Category	Both abridged and unabridged works fit within the same literary genre, such as fiction, biography, or history.
Primary Language	Both abridged and unabridged texts are typically published in the same language as the original work.
Basic Plotline	Both abridged and unabridged versions retain the central plot arc, including the main conflict and resolution.
Key Characters	Both abridged and unabridged editions feature the principal characters who drive the main storyline forward.
Target Audience	Both abridged and unabridged formats aim to serve readers who want access to the same core narrative.
Reading Format	Both abridged and unabridged works are available as physical books, ebooks, and audio recordings.
Copyright Status	Both abridged and unabridged editions must comply with the same copyright laws protecting the underlying work.
Editorial Oversight	Both abridged and unabridged texts undergo professional editing and proofreading before publication.
Publisher Process	Both abridged and unabridged versions are produced, marketed, and distributed through standard publishing channels.
Narrative Structure	Both abridged and unabridged formats maintain a logical sequence with a beginning, middle, and end.
Literary Value	Both abridged and unabridged editions can deliver meaningful themes, lessons, and emotional impact to readers.
Reading Comprehension	Both abridged and unabridged texts require the reader to use the same fundamental literacy and interpretation skills.
Educational Use	Both abridged and unabridged versions are commonly assigned in schools and used for academic study.
Accessibility Goal	Both abridged and unabridged formats strive to make the original story accessible to a broader audience.
Quality Standards	Both abridged and unabridged editions are held to professional standards for clarity, accuracy, and readability.
Production Cost	Both abridged and unabridged versions incur costs for licensing, editing, typesetting, printing, and distribution.
Retail Pricing	Both abridged and unabridged editions are sold at market prices that reflect production expenses and demand.
Consumer Choice	Both abridged and unabridged formats give readers the freedom to select a version that fits their needs.
Critical Review	Both abridged and unabridged works are subject to evaluation by critics, reviewers, and literary scholars.
Library Cataloging	Both abridged and unabridged editions are cataloged, shelved, and loaned by public and school libraries.
Translation Potential	Both abridged and unabridged texts can be translated from their original language into other global languages.
Format Adaptation	Both abridged and unabridged versions can be adapted into audiobook, ebook, or large-print formats.
Reader Engagement	Both abridged and unabridged editions aim to capture and hold the reader's attention throughout the experience.
Reference Utility	Both abridged and unabridged texts serve as reference points for quotations, citations, and literary analysis.
Cultural Impact	Both abridged and unabridged versions contribute to the cultural legacy and ongoing relevance of the original work.
Longevity Factor	Both abridged and unabridged editions are designed to remain readable and available for many years after release.
Reader Satisfaction	Both abridged and unabridged formats ultimately succeed when they fulfill the reader's expectation of the story.

Abridged or Unabridged: Which Should You Choose?

The one variable that decides it for most people is your reason for reading. If you need the story, facts, or argument quickly, choose Abridged. If you need the author's complete artistic intent, every detail, and full context, choose Unabridged. Match the format to your goal.

When to Use Abridged

Choose Abridged when time is your scarcest resource or you need the core plot or main idea only. It suits commuters, students cramming for a test, or casual listeners exploring a classic. It also fits tight budgets, as these editions often cost less and require a smaller time commitment.

When to Use Unabridged

Choose Unabridged when you value the author's full vision or you study the text deeply. It is essential for literary analysis, academic research, or book club discussions where subplots and character depth matter. It also serves devoted fans who want every original word exactly as written.

Common Misconceptions About Abridged and Unabridged

Common Myth	The Reality
An abridged book is simply a shorter version with fewer pages.	Abridged works undergo systematic cutting of subplots, descriptions, and dialogue, not just page trimming, to fit a condensed format.
Unabridged means the book contains every single word the author wrote.	Unabridged editions match the final published manuscript, but authors often cut material during editing before that version exists.
Abridged audiobooks are always worse than unabridged ones.	Abridged audiobooks suit commuters or casual listeners, while unabridged versions preserve full narrative depth for devoted readers.
Classic novels are the only books that get abridged versions.	Publishers abridge modern thrillers, self-help titles, and biographies too, often to create concise audio or study editions.
An abridged dictionary just lists fewer words than an unabridged dictionary.	Abridged dictionaries also shorten definitions, remove rare senses, and drop usage examples, not merely reduce the headword count.
Abridged and unabridged books always contain the same plot events.	Abridged versions frequently delete entire subplots or minor characters, which can change pacing and alter how main events connect.
Unabridged audio recordings always take twice as long as abridged ones.	An unabridged audiobook typically runs 30 to 50 percent longer than an abridged edition, not double, depending on the editor's cuts.
Buying an abridged book means you are getting a lazy or inferior product.	Abridged editions are professionally edited for specific audiences, such as students or busy professionals, and serve legitimate purposes.
Abridged versions are always clearly labeled on the front cover.	Abridged status often appears only in small print on the copyright page or back cover, so buyers must check carefully before purchase.
Unabridged books are always better for learning than abridged ones.	Abridged nonfiction can distill key arguments effectively, while unabridged texts may bury main points in lengthy digressions or data.
An abridged audiobook is just the unabridged version played at a faster speed.	Abridged audiobooks contain re-recorded, edited scripts with removed scenes, whereas speed adjustment only changes playback rate of the same content.
All unabridged editions of the same book are identical in content.	Unabridged editions can differ by publisher, with variations in forewords, footnotes, translations, or restored author revisions across print runs.
Abridged books are only made for children or young readers.	Publishers create abridged versions for adults too, including condensed business books, classic literature, and long-form journalism collections.
Reading an abridged book means you have not really read the original story.	Abridged readers experience the core narrative arc and main characters, though they miss secondary details and extended descriptive passages.
Unabridged versions always contain more accurate historical details than abridged ones.	Abridged nonfiction editors fact-check and tighten claims, so accuracy depends on the editing process, not simply on the length of the text.
Abridged books are always cheaper to produce than unabridged books.	Abridged production requires a skilled editor to condense content, which adds labor costs, so prices are not always lower for the abridged format.
An abridged novel removes only boring parts that nobody will miss.	Abridged editors cut scenes based on length constraints, which sometimes removes character development or atmosphere that some readers value highly.
Unabridged audiobooks are only available for popular bestsellers.	Unabridged audio editions exist for thousands of backlist titles, academic works, and indie publications, not just for commercial blockbuster novels.
Abridged versions of the Bible remove entire books from the text.	Abridged Bibles typically condense chapters and verses within books, but they rarely delete whole canonical books from the collection.
Unabridged means the same thing as uncensored or unedited.	Unabridged refers to content length, while editorial cuts for style or sensitivity can still occur in an unabridged edition before publication.
Abridged books are a modern invention from the digital age.	Abridgments have existed for centuries, with publishers condensing long works for serialization in magazines and for affordable mass-market editions.
An abridged version always keeps the original author's exact words.	Abridged editors often paraphrase or rewrite transitions to stitch together remaining passages, so the text is not always the author's verbatim prose.
Unabridged books are too long for anyone to finish reading.	Many unabridged novels run 300 to 500 pages, which is manageable for average readers, while only some epic works exceed 1,000 pages.
Abridged audiobooks are only sold on physical CDs, not digitally.	Abridged audiobooks are widely available on streaming platforms and download stores, though digital catalogs often label them less prominently than unabridged versions.
Choosing an abridged book means you are cheating on a school assignment.	Teachers sometimes assign abridged editions for younger students, and adults may use them for review, so the format is not inherently dishonest.
Unabridged editions always include every appendix, glossary, and index from the original.	Unabridged reprints sometimes omit supplementary materials like indexes or bibliographies due to production costs, even while keeping the main text complete.
Abridged versions of history books are always less reliable than unabridged ones.	Abridged history books can be more reliable for quick reference because editors remove outdated tangents and focus on verified core events.
The word abridged always appears in the title of a condensed book.	Many abridged editions use phrases like "condensed," "shortened," or "reader's edition" in the title, or they hide the label in the publisher's description.
Unabridged books are always physically heavier and thicker than abridged ones.	Ebook and audiobook formats have no physical weight difference, so the length distinction matters only for print editions, not for digital files.
Abridged versions are only created after a book becomes famous.	Publishers sometimes release abridged and unabridged editions simultaneously at launch, especially for audiobooks, to target different listener preferences.

Conclusion

Difference Between Abridged and Unabridged comes down to completeness versus convenience. Abridged versions condense content for speed and accessibility, while unabridged editions preserve the author's full original text. Choose abridged when time is limited. Choose unabridged when accuracy, depth, or complete context matters most.

FAQs on Difference Between Abridged and Unabridged

What is the difference between abridged and unabridged?: The difference is length and completeness: an abridged version is shortened and condensed, while an unabridged version is the full, original text with nothing removed.
Which is better, abridged or unabridged?: Unabridged is better for full comprehension and detail, while abridged is better for saving time or when you only need the main plot points.
Is an abridged book cheaper than an unabridged book?: Yes, an abridged book is typically cheaper because it has fewer pages, lower production costs, and a shorter audio runtime than its unabridged counterpart.
What is the risk of reading an abridged version?: The main risk is missing important subplots, character development, and author's original language, which can lead to a shallow or inaccurate understanding of the story.
Are abridged and unabridged audiobooks compatible with each other?: No, abridged and unabridged audiobooks are not compatible in content because one is a condensed version and the other is the full recording, so they tell different-length stories.
What is a common beginner mistake when choosing abridged or unabridged?: A common beginner mistake is buying an abridged version thinking it is the complete book, only to discover later that entire chapters and scenes were cut out.
Can abridged and unabridged be used interchangeably?: No, abridged and unabridged cannot be used interchangeably because they represent two distinct formats with different lengths, detail levels, and purposes.
When should I choose an unabridged version in real life?: Choose an unabridged version for academic study, classic literature, or any book where you need the author's full intent and every detail for deep understanding.
Can I switch from an abridged to an unabridged version mid-series?: Yes, you can switch from an abridged to an unabridged version mid-series, but you may need to re-read earlier parts to catch details that were previously omitted.
Does abridged mean the same thing as summarized?: Abridged is similar to summarized but not identical, because a summary is a brief overview while an abridged version is a shortened but still complete narrative that retains the story's structure.